International Journal of Management, Entrepreneurship, Social Science and Humanities

Legal Accountability of Land Deed Officials for Issuing Land Transfer Deeds Using Fraudulent Modus Operandi

2025-12-08T14:51:54+07:00

The Land Deed Official (PPAT) plays a crucial role in ensuring the validity of land rights transfers by issuing authentic deeds. However, in practice, this authority can be abused through fraudulent modus operandi that employ such deeds as instruments of criminal acts, as illustrated by the land mafia case involving Mbah Tupon. The legal issues that arise include the juridical accountability of PPATs involved in issuing land transfer deeds through fraudulent modus operandi, as well as the effectiveness of supervisory and guidance mechanisms in preventing similar practices. This study aims to analyse the forms of PPAT accountability from the perspectives of civil, criminal, and administrative law, as well as to examine the ideal models of supervision and guidance for preventing land mafia practices. The research method employed is normative juridical with statutory, conceptual, and case study approaches, linking land law norms with the professional ethics of PPATs. The results of the study indicate that PPATs involved in fraudulent modus operandi may be held cumulatively liable under all three legal regimes. However, weaknesses in internal supervision systems and the lack of strict administrative sanctions remain loopholes that allow such violations to occur. Reforming supervision policies, strengthening the role of the PPAT Supervisory Council, and digitising the deed-making process are strategic measures to prevent abuse of authority and provide effective legal protection for landowners.

Analysis of Appointment Agreements in the Context of Illegal Land Transfers to Foreign Nationals

2025-10-14T06:49:01+07:00

The issue of nominee agreements in Indonesia poses challenges in balancing the promotion of foreign investment with the protection of land sovereignty. Despite strict legal prohibitions, this practice continues to flourish and creates uncertainty in legal doctrine and agrarian governance. This study aims to analyse the legal status of nominee agreements under Indonesian positive law, particularly in the context of Law No. 25 of 2007 on Investment (UUPM), and to evaluate the legal consequences of land ownership by foreign investors through this mechanism. This study uses a normative juridical approach, referring to primary legal sources such as the UUPM, the 1960 Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA), and the 2007 Limited Liability Company Law (UUPT), as well as secondary and tertiary literature. The results of the study show that nominee agreements are prohibited in the context of corporations based on the UUPM and UUPT, and are therefore null and void from the outset. However, the absence of specific regulations on land ownership creates a legal vacuum that allows this practice to continue. Nominee agreements fulfil the subjective elements of an agreement but fail to fulfil the legal causes according to the Civil Code, making them legally invalid but still operating in practice. This poses legal and social risks for foreign investors and local nominees and has an impact on agrarian justice and the credibility of the national investment system. This study emphasises the importance of regulatory harmonisation and consistent law enforcement to strengthen legal certainty and maintain state sovereignty over land in accordance with Indonesia's constitutional mandate.

Unveiling the Impact of Spiritual Intelligence on Social Innovation and Success in Social Enterprises: A Conceptual Exploration

2025-03-04T14:17:03+07:00

This study examines how spiritual intelligence (SI) can serve as a catalyst for ethical, culturally rooted social innovation in social enterprises, an area often overlooked in literature dominated by Western, profit-oriented perspectives. Drawing on an integrative review of 63 peer-reviewed works published between 2014 and 2024, the research weaves together theoretical and contextual insights to develop a conceptual model. SI is presented not simply as another form of intelligence, but as a guiding moral compass grounded in transcendence, setting it apart from emotional and social intelligences that primarily focus on interpersonal dynamics. Through dimensions such as consciousness, purpose, serenity, and transcendence, SI equips entrepreneurs to turn deeply held values into tangible, innovative solutions, with purpose acting as a bridge and cultural context shaping outcomes. Indonesia, with traditions like gotong royong and tri hita karana, emerges as a rich setting to observe this phenomenon in practice. The study offers practical pathways, from short-term pilot initiatives such as community co-design workshops to long-term strategies like embedding SI in entrepreneurial education and adapting evaluation metrics to local cultures. While conceptual in scope and limited to English-language literature, the work lays the groundwork for future empirical research using mixed methods across diverse cultural contexts.

The Relationship of Firm Value and Profitability With ESG Disclosures in Property and Real Estate Companies in Indonesia Stock Exchange

2025-06-19T10:48:44+07:00

This research aims to investigate the relationship between firm value and profitability on Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) disclosure on property and real estate companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange. The sample used was 32 samples with 32 observations using the purposive sampling technique. The data used is secondary data, with the data collection method using content analysis. The analysis technique used is linear regression analysis. The dependent variable is ESG Score; the independent variables are two performance indicators (Tobin’s Q and Return on Assets); the control variables are firm size and financial leverage. standards. A one-year lag consideration is used on ESG disclosure. The results of the research indicate (1) firm value and profitability, as measured by Tobin's Q and Return on Assets, respectively, simultaneously have a significant and positive relationship on the level of ESG disclosure; (2) firm value, as measured by Tobin's Q, does not have a significant relationship on the level of ESG disclosure. (3) profitability, as measured by Return on Assets, has a significant and positive relationship with the level of ESG disclosure. Research findings are beneficial for investors, fund managers, policymakers, and property and real estate companies. The author further provides suggestions to executives on ESG investment and practices to gain the benefits of such investments.

Work Flexibility and Work-Life Balance: Gender and Workload Analysis

2025-07-02T14:07:26+07:00

This study examines the role of work flexibility in enhancing employees' work-life balance. It specifically explores whether workload and gender serve as moderators of this relationship. The research is motivated by the growing prevalence of flexible work arrangements, particularly among Generation Z. The objective is to determine whether workload levels and gender affect the effectiveness of flexible work in supporting work-life balance. Quantitative design was employed in this study. Data was collected via an online questionnaire distributed to employees engaged in flexible working systems. A total of 180 respondents participated in the survey. Moderation analysis was conducted to assess both the direct effect of work flexibility on work-life balance and the moderating roles of workload and gender. The results show that work flexibility statistically has a significant effect on work-life balance. Furthermore, the interaction between workload and gender showed no significant effects. This indicates that the positive relationship between work flexibility and work-life balance is consistent across different levels of workload and gender. Thus, flexible work arrangements have universal benefits for enhancing employee well-being. The findings suggest important implications for organizations implementing flexible work systems. Managers are encouraged to adopt flexible work policies as a strategic means to support employee well-being, without requiring differentiation based on gender or workload. This is particularly relevant in managing the expectations and preferences of Generation Z employees. This study contributes to the literature by affirming the consistent positive impact of work flexibility on work-life balance, regardless of individual differences.

The Role of Organizational Culture and Job Satisfaction in Enhancing Employee Performance in the Hospital Sector

2025-10-29T19:35:38+07:00

This study examines the influence of organizational culture and job satisfaction on employee performance at Private Hospital Type C, Central Java. Hospitals face unique human resource management challenges, including high workloads and expectations for service quality, making organizational culture and job satisfaction critical to optimizing performance. Using a quantitative approach, data were collected from 201 healthcare workers through a structured questionnaire utilizing a Likert scale. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and linear regression. The findings reveal that both organizational culture and job satisfaction significantly affect employee performance, with strong statistical significance. The variance in employee performance is explained by these two factors by 65.1%. These results confirm that a positive organizational culture and high job satisfaction contribute substantially to enhancing staff performance in hospital settings. The findings also align with the hospital’s mission, vision, and core values, emphasizing holistic care, teamwork, and professional integrity. Strengthening organizational culture and addressing job satisfaction can serve as effective strategies for hospital management to improve service quality and operational efficiency

How Destination Branding Moderates the Relationship between Destination Antecedents and Tourist Resonance: Evidence from a Philippine Destination

2025-11-05T22:10:48+07:00

This study examined the impact of destination antecedents on destination tourist resonance, with a focus on Coron, Palawan, Philippines. Anchored in the Tourist-based Brand Equity model, the research examined how destination salience, destination performance, and imagery, tourist judgements and feelings influence tourist loyalty and emotional connections, with destination performance & imagery and tourist judgments & feelings serving as mediators. The study also evaluated the moderating role of destination branding in these relationships. Employing an explanatory-quantitative research design, data were collected through structured surveys administered to 280 sample tourists who visited Coron, Palawan, Philippines. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to analyze the structural relationships between the constructs. The findings indicate that destination salience significantly affects destination performance and imagery, and destination tourist resonance. Destination performance and imagery, along with tourist judgments and feelings, were found to mediate the relationship between destination salience and destination tourist resonance, highlighting the importance of both cognitive and emotional evaluations. Destination branding, on the other hand, significantly moderated the relationship between destination performance, imagery, and destination tourist resonance. However, the moderating role of destination branding showed no significant impact on destination salience and destination tourist resonance, suggesting the need for more cohesive branding strategies. This research addressed gaps in the application of brand equity models to emerging destinations and provided insights for enhancing localized branding strategies.

The Role of Gender in Digital Content Influences on Impulse Buying

2025-12-08T11:44:16+07:00

This study examines how user generated content and live streaming influence impulse buying behavior in a digital marketing environment, with electronic word of mouth and gender as explanatory mechanisms being tested. Focusing on consumers of Mykonos perfume on the Shopee platform, this study uses a quantitative approach with 385 respondents and analyzes structural relationships using PLS-SEM. The results show that live streaming is the most powerful digital stimulus because it can directly increase impulse buying while encouraging consumers to generate online reviews and comments. Conversely, user-generated content does not directly affect impulse buying but becomes effective when it triggers electronic word of mouth, thus demonstrating a full mediating effect. Electronic word of mouth itself has a significant effect in encouraging impulsive purchases by increasing consumer confidence and emotional responses. Gender was also found to moderate the relationship between variables, with men being more easily influenced by live streaming, while women were more responsive to reviews and digital social interactions. These findings confirm that real-time stimuli, user-to-user communication, and demographic characteristics work simultaneously in shaping spontaneous purchasing decisions in the e-commerce environment.

A Phenomenological Inquiry of Student Leaders' Experiences to Develop the Student Development Evaluation Tool of Bacolod City College

2025-10-23T13:32:22+07:00

This phenomenological inquiry described the universal essence of the student development experience at Bacolod City College (BCC), a Local University and College (LUC), to develop a context-specific, valid Student Development Evaluation Tool. The study addressed a critical gap: existing generic evaluation frameworks are inadequate for the unique, resource-constrained environment of Philippine community colleges. Adopting a phenomenology design, the research captured the subjective realities of twelve (12) purposively selected student leaders from BCC. Data were collected through in-depth, semi-structured interviews and rigorously analyzed using Colaizzi’s Method. The inquiry yielded seven interconnected thematic horizons defining the core phenomenon: the student development experience is characterized by a constant tension between student aspirations and profound institutional limitations. The themes identified were: 1) Operational Exhaustion on Leadership (due to lack of formal training); 2) Organizational Invisibility for Student Engagement (caused by physical and communicative barriers); 3) Mandatory Obligation on Activities (engagement driven by attendance requirements); 4) Unmet Expectations and Support for Arts and Sports (deficient facilities/funding); 5) Personal Subsidy for Resources (leaders absorbing operational costs); 6) Horizon of Bureaucratic Delay (inefficient administrative processes); and 7) Environmental Constraints (inadequate physical facilities). The findings confirm a profound disparity where student efficacy is consistently hampered by systemic infrastructural and organizational deficiencies. This reality fosters a cycle of leader liability and operational exhaustion, relegating student development to a mandatory obligation. The resulting seven-section Student Development Evaluation Tool is directly rooted in these empirical narratives, providing BCC with a context-specific framework to quantifiably measure and address these structural deficiencies, offering a model for evidence-based decision-making for other LUCs.

The Impact of Land Mafia on Agrarian Disputes and the Optimisation of Electronic Land Transfer Deeds in Indonesia

2025-11-16T17:13:32+07:00

This study investigates the impact of land mafia practices on land conflicts and disputes in Indonesia and evaluates the potential of electronic land administration policies to enhance legal certainty. Land remains one of the nation’s most strategic resources, yet its governance has been undermined by systemic irregularities and organized criminal practices. Land mafia activities ranging from document forgery and duplicate certificates to collusion with state officials have generated prolonged disputes, eroded public trust in the legal system, and hindered investment in the property and infrastructure sectors. The research employs a normative legal method, focusing on statutory analysis and doctrinal review to identify principles, norms, and legal frameworks relevant to the problem. Primary legal sources include national agrarian legislation and Ministerial Regulation ATR/BPN No. 3 of 2023, while secondary and tertiary sources encompass scholarly literature, journal articles, and legal reference materials. This conceptual approach allows for a systematic evaluation of both the challenges posed by land mafia practices and the opportunities offered by digital transformation in land governance. The findings indicate that land mafia practices cause significant legal uncertainty, particularly through falsified and duplicate certificates, which create conflicting ownership claims and protracted litigation. Such conditions not only harm individual landholders but also weaken the national economy by discouraging investment. In response, the government’s introduction of electronic land certificates provides a promising reform, offering enhanced transparency, security, and efficiency in land administration. Nevertheless, challenges remain, including resistance from vested interests, cybersecurity risks, and unequal access to digital platforms. The study concludes that combating land mafia practices requires a comprehensive approach that integrates technological innovation with institutional strengthening, professional accountability, and community participation. The contribution of this research lies in highlighting the normative and policy dimensions of land governance reform, while also identifying critical areas for further interdisciplinary and empirical investigation. By addressing these issues, the study advances the discourse on sustainable, transparent, and equitable land governance in Indonesia.

Integrating Physical and Non-Physical Work Environment to Enhance Employee Productivity: An Ergonomics and JD–R-Based Study at the Moro’o Sub-District Office, West Nias

2025-11-16T17:20:57+07:00

The work environment plays an important role in determining employee productivity, especially in the public sector which is oriented towards community service. A conducive work environment—both physically and non-physically—can increase enthusiasm, concentration, and performance, while unsupportive conditions have the potential to reduce productivity and increase stress. This study aims to: (1) describe the working environment conditions at the Moro’o Subdistrict Office in West Nias Regency, (2) identify factors that affect employee productivity, and (3) analyse the relationship between the physical and non-physical working environment and employee productivity. The study used a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The results showed that the physical work environment still faced several obstacles, particularly related to uneven lighting, suboptimal air quality and ventilation, cramped and disorderly room layout, and noise during busy service hours. In contrast, the non-physical work environment is relatively strong, characterised by supportive leader-subordinate relationships, open communication, and harmonious cooperation among colleagues. The interaction between physical limitations and non-physical strengths simultaneously affects the comfort, efficiency, and productivity of employees in providing services to the community

Business Model Innovation in the Digital Ecosystem: The Role of Transformation, Readiness, and Digital Inclusion for Sustainable Economic Growth

2025-10-12T22:24:12+07:00

The rapid acceleration of digital transformation has changed the business landscape worldwide, but micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in developing regions continue to face structural gaps in digital readiness and inclusion. In Medan, Indonesia, where MSMEs are the backbone of the economy, limited digital adoption and uneven readiness hinder their ability to maintain competitiveness and contribute to inclusive economic growth. This phenomenon highlights the importance of analysing how digital transformation variables interact with innovation processes and collaborative ecosystems to generate sustainable economic outcomes. The objective of this study is to investigate the indirect effects of digital readiness, digital inclusion, and digital transformation on sustainable local economic development through the dual mediation of innovation business models and ecosystem business models. Using an explanatory quantitative design, data were collected from 200 SMEs in Medan that had been involved in digitalisation for at least two years. Structural Equation Modelling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) was applied to test the proposed Digital Ecosystem Innovation Model (DEIM). The results show that digital readiness, inclusion, and transformation do not have a direct effect on sustainable economic growth. Instead, their impact becomes significant when mediated by innovation and ecosystem business models. Digital readiness strongly drives innovation, while digital inclusion enhances both innovation and ecosystem collaboration. Furthermore, the ecosystem business model emerges as the strongest predictor of sustainable local economies, highlighting the importance of coordinated value creation among stakeholders. This study concludes that digital transformation should not be viewed as an end goal, but rather as a systemic process requiring business model adaptation and the development of collaborative ecosystems. This research contributes theoretically by expanding the Technology–Organisational Environment (TOE) framework through the DEIM model, integrating readiness, inclusion, and innovation into a holistic approach. Practically, this research provides policy insights to improve the resilience of MSMEs through digital literacy, innovation capacity, and cross-sector collaboration.